Demographic Transitions and its phases

Demographic transition is the term used for the changes a population experiences over a long period time. These changes are measured by the birth rates and the death rates of the population. The theory of demographic transition indicates that all populations must go through the three original phases before there are low, stable birth and death rates, and the population sustains a sustainable growth.

The four phases of demographic transition are:

1. High Fluctuating
1. During this phase, there are high death rates and high birth rates. Usually, there is little or no access to birth control, and people tend to have more children in order to make sure that there are descendants that will live long enough to procreate and take care of the elderly. In the first phase, the population can be either constantly fluctuating or consistently declining. The high birth rates usually compensate for the high death rates, however, if a serious epidemic affects the population, a great loss is expected because these populations tend to have poor healthcare.
   
   
   
2. Early Expansion
1. In the second stage of transition, death rates start to decline due to advancement in medicine and available healthcare for the ill and elderly, and also because of different lifestyles. This means that the population is experiencing growth
   
   
3. Late Expansion
1. During the third phase of the demographic transition, the population is stable. Demographers state that contraception begins to become widely available and this in turn helps lower the birth rates. Also, the population’s lifestyle has changed. With the decreasing death rate, people foresee that they will have a longer life and tend to post-pone starting a family, and even then, they no longer have numerous children.
   
   
4. Low Fluctuation
1. In the last stage, the population is either stable or slightly growing. This happens because the death rate is becoming a steady percentage and people understand that there is no need for large families, as in the past.

Overall, the living conditions tend to improve as the population advances in the demographical transitions. In the early demographic transition phases, people are often very ill, lead unhealthy lives and have a short life expectancy. They tend to have many children in order to make sure there are enough hands to cultivate lands and care for elders and children lead a poor quality lifestyle. However, with the increase in the life span, populations begin to work differently. Mature people start taking care of the family, and providing for all members, elders are able to care for themselves longer, children are able to grow and acquire knowledge prior to experiencing hardships and are much more healthy. This is because people are able to live longer lives and are more conscientious of their health. As a population, people tend to advance more technologically, and are able to expand into larger communities. Also, this impacts the environment as well. Because people are living longer, there is a larger amount of people alive at the same time. This affects the environment in a negative way because it can lead to a depletion of natural resources, deforestation in order to make lands for crops and living areas, and also because there is an overall higher density in all of earth’s populations: more cattle is needed to feed more people, more grains need to be cultivated in order to feed more cattle, and so forth. However, if a plan is developed to make sure the population grows at a sustainable rate and makes sure that the natural resources available are used in a conscientious manner that promotes an overall balance of all species, this phase of the demographic transitions is the most beneficial.

References

Montgomery, K. (n.d.). The Demographic Transition. In Department of Geography &
geology Resources. Retrieved May 24, 2009, from http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/
geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm

Barcelona Field Studies Centre S.L. (2009). The Demographic Transition Model. In
Geography Field Work of the Barcelona Field Studies Centre. Retrieved
May 24, 2009, from http://geographyfieldwork.com/DemographicTransition.htm

Autotrophs are the organisms that synthesize their own food from photosynthesis. This means they produce glucose in order to feed themselves. A couple examples of these are plants, such as oak trees, algae, and the blue dragon sea slug. These organisms use sunlight in order to synthesize glucose.

The name given to the organisms that use aerobic respiration exclusively to break down glucose are obligate aerobes. They can only survive in environments that contain oxygen, because these organisms oxidize fats and sugars in order to obtain energy. Almost all animals are obligate aerobes. Some examples of these organisms are the Bacillus bacteria, humans, and fish.

Cells that do not use oxygen to meet their energy needs are considered anaerobic organisms. These cells use the fermentation process as their way of obtaining energy. The way they do this is the following: glycosis produces pyruvate, and ATP from glucose, creating lactic acid. Some organisms produce alcohol instead of lactic acid. It is important to note the fermentation produces a considerable amount of less energy than respiration.
Human muscles use fermentation to get energy and certain kinds of yeast create alcohol from fermentation, thus creating beer.

Enzymes are molecules made of proteins, which in turn are made of amino acids. Although enzymes are not direct participants in a chemical reaction they do however how the characteristic that they accelerate the reaction, up to a million times faster than its original rate. Some examples of enzymes are amylase and sucrase.

References

Examples of Cellular Enzymes. (n.d.). Cellular Enzymes. Retrieved May 23, 2009,
from http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/jiwilliams/examples_of_enzymes.htm

Schulte McMenamin, D. L. (1990). The garden of Ediacara. In The Emergence of
Animals . Retrieved May 24, 2009, from http://books.google.com/
books?id=pBEkPTUCVtEC&pg=PA106&lpg=PA106&dq=list+of+autotrophic+organisms+%22some
+autotrophic+organisms+are%22&source=bl&ots=rvRaHi_CYq&sig=73pMjCpOqNXlegsuH-zOG4
O94xM&hl=en&ei=uf4ZSrbXO4OstgfkpdnuDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#PPA1
07,M1

Obligate Aerobes. (2008, October 10). Biology Online. Retrieved May 24, 2009,
from http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Obligate_aerobe

Support for Same Sex Marriage
an overview of the reasons why gay marriage should be allowed by law

Imagine a world where not all people were allowed to share the privileges and glories of a legal union to their significant other, because of some else’s religious views. A world where, because of the characteristics that some people seek in their partner, they are condemned and stratified. Imagine people being forced to live under someone else’s beliefs, and forcibly, live under their conditions, which state that the union to a significant other is unacceptable. This is the reality of gay couples have to face in a daily basis, because gay marriage is yet to be passed as a legal right.

Same sex marriage has been the center of controversy for a while now because of the passionate opinions people have in regards to this subject. Although it was made legal in California, there has been a new veto passed, called Preposition 8, in which it is declared illegal once again. However, many advocates are very active in the efforts to legalize same sex marriage once again, and they have just cause for it.

Although many people believe that same sex marriage should not be allowed, same sex marriage should be permitted because of the legal connotations of marriage, and because of this, same sex life partners should have the right to these as well as heterosexual couples. Also, if we take a look at our country, we see that State and Church are separate entities. This means that although it is religiously unacceptable to many, gay marriage should not be banned by law.

Gay couples are looking to have a stronger, consolidated union and legal recognition of this is a right, not a gift. Gay couples are also individuals who spend their lives together, for the pursuit of happiness. All people, provided that they cause not harm to other, have the right to pursue happiness, as any individual does.

Taking a look at the opposition, we see that their arguments are not sufficient to validate a just cause to oppose and legally ban gay marriage. The main reason people oppose gay marriage is because it is opposed to what is taught from the Bible. Traditional values have taught us all that marriage is between a man and a woman. Many people still see homosexuality as an immoral act that needs to be condemned and eradicated. Because of this thought, allowing gay people to join their lives in marriage is a preposterous ideal. Marriage is seen as the product of the union between a man and a woman, which has the ultimate goal of allowing them both to become parents; but the conservative views in regards to this are best put in the words of Frank Zepezauer, “The heterosexual, two-parent family is being assaulted on many fronts. Of these, the most significant has been defined by the homosexualist drive to establish single-sex marriage” (Zepezauer 1997).

Sadly, many individuals see the gay community as the cause of the downfall of marriages. Nowadays, a great percentage of marriages end in divorce, and this trend is at an all-time alarming high. However, it is incorrect and unacceptable to allow society to blame this the gay community when there are other factors that are the main catalysts for divorce, such as domestic violence, drug abuse, spousal abandonment, and infidelity. As Jim Wallis states: “To say gay and lesbian people are responsible for the breakdown of the heterosexual family is simply wrong. That breakdown is causing a great social crisis that affects us all, but it is hardly the fault of gays and lesbians.” (Wallis 2008). More alarmingly, conservatives believe that all gay people are promiscuous individuals, and allowing them to marry is a sacrilege to the institution of marriage, and arguments against this go as far as to state the gay marriage would b proposed to not even limit itself to two people, as Robert P. George and David L. Tubbs said: “The evidence, however, suggests that acceptance of the norm of sexual exclusivity is a minority view among homosexuals in the United States and elsewhere. Furthermore, because intimate relations between persons of the same sex are inherently—and not merely contingently—unconnected to procreation, there is no principled reason to limit same-sex marriage to two persons” (Tubbs, Robert P. George and David L., 2006). This claim is invalid because gay people do not seek group marriage- they seek to allow their unions to a single significant other to be acknowledged by society as a solid commitment, as a nuclear unit, and as an inherent right of all citizens.

Some female activists insist that same sex marriage denigrates women in the sense that it eliminates them from the equation: women are no longer the sole focus of male romantic love. Sam Schulman stated that “with [. . .] the success of the gay-liberation movement, it is women themselves, all women, who will be hurt. The reason is that gay marriage takes something that belongs essentially to women, is crucial to their very freedom, and empties it of meaning” (Schulman 2007). The reality is that gay people will be gay, regardless of the acceptance of gay marriage by society. It is their nature and identity to feel attraction towards a person of the same sex, not the opposite. Because of this, we can say that although traditionally, the role of marriage was to provide a haven to the union a man and a woman; by excluding gay couples from marriage, we are denying them the freedom our country so proudly claims to value so dearly.

Aside from the emotional bonds that gay people share being one of the reasons why they clamor for the right to marry, there are also legal connotations and constitutional rights that need to be taken into consideration as well. In our country, State and religion are to be kept separate by constitution. Therefore, this would eliminate the opposing argument that homosexuality ought to be condemned because the Bible “says so”. Throughout history there have been several cases where these arguments come to light. Two of the most notable ones are:

Jones v. Hallahan (Kentucky, 1973). A lesbian couple argued that denying them a marriage license deprived them of three basic constitutional rights—the right to marry, the right to associate, and the right to freely exercise their religion. . (NOLO Law for all, 2005)

Baker v. Nelson (Minnesota, 1971). A gay male couple argued that the absence of sex-specific language in the Minnesota statute was evidence of the legislature's intent to authorize same-sex marriages. The couple also claimed that prohibiting them from marrying was a denial of their due process and equal protection rights under the Constitution. The court stated that it could find no support for these arguments in any United States Supreme Court decision. (NOLO Law for all, 2005)

It is clear in both of these cases, the prejudice and stratification was applied to the final verdicts, and is a very obvious case discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

Overall, we must keep in mind that gay marriage isn’t demanding to be acknowledged in a religious aspect. No spiritual compromise of faith is being requested, merely a legal recognition that two individuals are committing to spending the rest of their lives together, supporting and assisting each other throughout life, functioning as a separate, individual unit of society. The legal compromise of the word marriage leaves many inherent rights at stake for gay couples, rights that they otherwise do not have any access to. These are rights that should come with any official union, and there are no ways to enforce them if the union of a couple cannot be considered legal. Same sex couples are not eligible for Social Security benefits, [or] immigration privileges (NOLO Law for all). This means that unless both individuals are US citizens, neither one can request their marriage to support the other’s request for a US citizenship. Sadly, there are even more rights and benefits that gay couples will have no access to because of the laws prohibiting gay marriage, benefits such as:

· family laws such as annulment, divorce, child custody, child support, alimony, domestic violence, adoption, and property division

· rights to sue for wrongful death, loss of consortium, and under any other tort or law concerning spousal relationships

· medical rights such as hospital visitation, notification, and durable power of attorney
family leave benefits

· joint state tax filing, and
property inheritance when one partner dies without a will.

(NOLO law for all, 2005)

A notable case of the implications of these rights can be observed in the judicial case of Matter of Estate of Cooper (New York, 1990). Cooper died, leaving the bulk of his property to his ex-lover. His current lover sued to inherit as a surviving spouse under New York's inheritance laws. The court concluded that only a lawfully recognized husband or wife qualifies as a surviving spouse and that "persons of the same sex have no constitutional rights to enter into a marriage with each other." (NOLO Law for all, 2005). It is shameful to see how individuals who claim gay marriage is not permissible, also take away what little is left of a person’s legacy and commitment to their significant other, turning a blind eye to the biblical claims in regards to this.

Although Gay marriage seems appalling to many, every person has the right to all the legal rights that come with the recognition of their union, and this should not be denied. It is important for the general public to open their eyes and realize that this is not a “Gay/Lesbian Rights issue”- this is a civil rights issue. Because Church and State are separate institutions in our country, Gay marriage should be allowed- regardless of religious factors and beliefs. Keep in mind the words of Jim Wallis in regards to this: “Do we really want to deny a gay person's right to be at their loved one's deathbed in a hospital with "family restrictions"? Do we also want to deny that person a voice in the medical treatment of his or her partner?” (Jim Wallis 2008). These inherent rights are the main things we are denying gay couples by banning same sex marriage.

Many people are manifesting in Congress to stop gay marriage and to amend the constitution in order to make marriage exclusive to a man and a woman. People need to be active and support gay marriage because if not, fundamentalists and right wing activist will ensure that gay people are suppressed and discriminated, denying their rights to a legally recognized union. Gay people have all the right, as much as straight couple, to have legal recognition of their union. Our country is one where life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness is entitled to all. Gay people are not the exception, and should not be treated as such.

1. Persuasive Essay -English 105
   -Draft, outline, and references from Opposing Viewpoints Database and Galileo
   -Locate the In-Class Essay #2, and review
   -Submit both files to Dr. K by email
2. Livability on New Orleans
   -Investigate Water, Sewage and Electric for New Orleans, LA
   -Write rough draft based on guidelines by Paulette
   -Post on discussion board
3. Respiratory System
   -Check for new posts/emails on topic selection
   -Update student communications discussion board
   -Decide and post up final topic
   -Divide assignment sections
   -Post assignment sections for each member on their designated discussion board
   -Email Prof. Lynn informing her of all updates
   -Work on basic overview, functions of respiratory system and it's purpose in human body
   -Post on my discussion board
4. Work on Env Sci pending assignments

Qualities of a good movie

Have you ever endured a movie for an hour or two, just to be thoroughly disappointed at the ending? Or have you been very enticed by seeing previews, only to find out that the movie itself is a total fluke? Yes, indeed, we have all excitedly seen a movie only to be completely let down and upset at the overall film. Some of us even have cues or ideas that would have made a terrible movie into an acceptable one. But is there really a magic formula in creating a movie? Some might say it’s just a matter of a good director, a lot of planning and a dash of good luck; but let’s take a look at some of the best movies that have come and gone.
Some of the best movies of all time are The Godfather 2, Gone with the Wind, The Lord of the rings, Ferris Bueller’s day off, Dot the I, Apocalypto and Fight Club. All of these movies leave us with a thought provoking ending that surprises us, shocks us, or makes us feel a little more connected to humanity because we can empathize. Based on this idea, we can say that there are a few qualities that all great movies should bear, at least at a minimum level, in order to be considered good and remembered by the audiences.
Looking at the main idea of a movie, we can identify what to expect from it: if it’s a zombie movie, we know we will see plenty of bloodshed; if it’s a movie about a couple, we can guess that they break up and make up throughout the course of the film; if it’s about racing cars, we know we will see someone racing someone else; and if it’s a movie about cops, we know that someone will eventually get in a fight with the authorities. What sets apart the good ones from the bad ones is that the storylines are conceivable and convincing. The main theme behind the movie is presented in a way that, even if it is based on a fictional situation, the viewers can empathize and can imagine themselves in a similar situation at least partially.
The actors of the movie are also a significant factor in the outcome. Actors and actresses gave a face and personality to a character, and overall should be able to steer the viewer’s focus and perspective to their character’s involvement in the story. There have been many times a bad actor or actress plays the central role in the movie, and does not appear to be in-tune with the character they are playing. The lead actor or actress needs to in all possible ways transform into the character he or she plays and must also transmit this in his or her attitude and demeanor to the audience watching the movie.
Supporting actors and actresses are also important in the overall development of the movie. Although they must also be in-tune with their characters, the main idea is that they do not deter the movie or distract the audience from the main story of the central character, but in fact, they must build and add to it.
A good movie with a flowing storyline and good actors, must also have a plot to it, it is the reason behind of why the audience is watching. The plot has the viewers asking themselves “So what happens now?”. Although it is not a requirement, we do see that the majority of movies have a twist or turn in what was to be expected. This is a way of keeping the audience engaged and caught up with what is going on the movie. A good movie will compel us to watch in order to see the outcome of the events that are unfolding throughout the film, and will build up the excitement and anticipation for the ending as well. One thing that is important to notice is that a good movie will not overuse clichés and will not use the very obvious ones frequently, if at all. Some of these can be identified as “the good guy that gets the girl” or “the character that opens an ominous looking door to find the killer waiting” and such.
The ending of the movie is always the best part. The fact that a good movie has an interesting twist to the plot does not in any way mean that the ending must be over-the-top dramatic or unexpected. The ending can be somewhat predictable, but the important thing is that it has some emotional appeal to the audience. From being that the main character is unexpectedly killed to a surprising twist of events and an opportunity is found, to simply reiterating the main idea of the movie, a good ending will always be thought-provoking, heart-wrenching, puzzling or even upsetting; but always sticking to the margins of what can come across as feasible and believable.
In conclusion, we can all agree that everyone has different views and opinions about a movie’s overall outcome; however, it is simple to see that although there is no magical formula to make a good movie, they all have some common traits. A conceivable storyline, actors that make the audience empathize, an interesting plot that entertains the viewer without being predictable and an ending that appeals to the viewer at an emotional or intellectual level make sure that a movie has a good foundation and also ensure that a certain level of coherence and unity are present. Finally, we can say that a movie is like a complex tapestry, in which all the threads must link together in order to make a real masterpiece in which all the little details make up the bigger picture and a fascinating final result.

Tigers
Consequences of their extinction

Tigers are known to be one of the world’s best predators. Their skeleton, their body, their teeth, tail and stomach are all made for hunting. Tigers consume on average 50 animals per year, each (Busch Entertainment Corporation, 2002). Tigers mostly hunt wild boar, wildebeest, gazelles, and several species of deer, such as nigali, chital, and sambar. They inhabit dense forests, as this serves them as cover since they usually attack by stalking their prey and then suffocating them by pressing down their throat. Although they are great predators, they are currently an endangered species. Currently, there are 3 species of tigers that are extinct: Bali, Javan and Caspian. They all disappeared in the 20th century. Nowadays, the remaining species of tigers only occupy a mere 7% of the land they have historically been known to roam for prey (National Fish and Wildlife Foundation 2009). If we have a population of 100 or 150 tigers in a selected environment, and a larger population of prey, tigers will maintain a balance of the area’s resources and population, and this maintains a harmonious balance in the area. Also, this promotes survival of the fittest and makes for stronger prey and they make stronger offspring.
But, what happens to the population of the prey and the resources of the area if tigers extinct? Do tigers maintain a balance on the resources of the particular area they hunt in? My hypothesis is that by hunting, tigers help maintain a balance and a control on the population of their prey and the area’s resources.
If tigers go extinct, then several things would happen:
· Overgrowth of prey population
· Depletion of area’s resources: water, grass
· Barren lands: absence of carcasses to fertilize the land
In my example of a controlled experiment, two areas will be designated as protected areas for certain species: Wildebeest, Wild boars, deer and antelope. These are all either omnivores or herbivores and will feed off the natural resources of the area, such as grass, nuts, insects and small reptiles.
In area A, there will be all the above species and there will be tigers. This will be the control group for the experiment and will serve as a guide for the normal circumstances in which nature develops and tigers interact with the species around them.
In Area B, there will be the above species, but there will be no tigers. This means that the omnivores and herbivores will roam and reproduce freely; also they will have indiscriminate use of the resources available in the area.
There will be a total amount of 500 animals of these species in each protected area. There will be 7 tigers, 4 female and 3 male.The experiment will be conducted over an extensive period of time, 5 years. During this time, the population of the existing species in the area and their reproduction will be closely monitored. Most importantly, the abundance of natural resources, such as water, plants, fruits, and grass, will also be monitored. If, despite the absence of tigers, the environment still maintains a steady progression and the resources still abound, then the hypothesis is proven to be false.
During the experiment, we were able to observe the following: In the protected area A, where there were tigers, there were approximately 350 animals hunted by the tigers. However, due to the reproduction of the species, their population maintained an even balance since there were 400 births. There were also several cubs added to the tiger’s population, and ultimately we see that all the populations grow at a controlled rate. The natural resources of the area maintained an even level, as plants, water and food were never scarce, but never overgrown or overpopulated.In the protected area B, we were able to prove that if there is no hunt, the prey population overgrows and then depletes the natural resources available in the area. Water is scarce, plants’ fruits are few, and there are too many animals to be feed. Also, there are too many animals for the area, since 400 animals were birthed but only 100 died.
Based on the results of the experiment, we can say that the hypothesis was proven correct. By hunting, tiger maintain a balance on the resources and population of their prey and this in turn balances the natural resources available to all the inhabitants to the area.
The results of this experiment can be used as further evidence as to why we need to protect tigers from extinction and also as to why there must be a predator in a protected area. Further experimentation can be done to see which type of tiger manages to maintain a higher control of the population and resources based on their hunt, and also on how different prey can bring different results.
References
Busch Entertainment Corporation. (2002). Tigers. In Tigers. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from http://www.seaworld.org/infobooks/tiger/diettiger.html
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. (2009). Tiger Conservation Landscapes. In Save The Tiger Fund. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from http://www.savethetigerfund.org/Content/NavigationMenu2/Initiatives/TCL/ default.htm

Coral Reefs:
How they are affected

Coral reefs are some of the world’s most old and complex organisms, around since more than 200 million years ago, taking 50 million years to achieve the biological diversity they have now. The coral reefs we see today have built themselves throughout the last 8,000 t o 10,000 years.
Coral is a living organism, created through a cooperative alliance of coral polyps, a tiny animal that filters rock fragments from the surrounding water and single-celled plants that dwell within the polyps. The plants generate many of the nutrients the corals need to live and capture calcium from the seawater, which the polyps use to build their limestone shells.

Reefs are most commonly found between the Tropic of Capricorn and the tropic of Cancer. Here the waters are stable and warm (64-86 degrees Fahrenheit) year-round and the days are longer, providing more sunlight to the reef.
Reefs serve as home not only to live polyps but also, to many species of algae, seaweed, sponge, and mollusks. Coral reefs cover merely .2% of the ocean bottom, but account for over 25% of the world’s marine species.

There are many threats, both natural and anthropological to coral reefs. Due to erosion, the coral reefs are clouded with silt and mud and sediment from the earth drags into the ocean, clouding the reefs. This also means that fertilizers and untreated sewage drag into the reefs and impact negatively on the reefs as well. Because of sedimentation, garbage is also dragged and also ends up into the reefs, and also clouds the reefs as well. The untreated sewage also promotes the growth of excess algae, which in turn attracts predators and thus creates a cycle of destruction in which the coral reefs are the main victim.
This impacts the reef negatively because coral reefs flourish in clear waters because they need sunshine. Due to an excess of nutrients because of the erosion and sedimentation, there is algae overgrowth. The excess of algae attracts predators and this decreases the biodiversity of the coral reefs.
As ocean temperatures rise, the coral reefs start to turn white, causing what is known as “Coral bleaching”. The carbon dioxide that is expelled by cars, factories and the like is also being absorbed by the ocean. This in turn, acidifies the sea water and organisms with a calcified shell such as lobsters and coral reefs, are more prone to simply dissolving, much like a pearl dropped in acid.
Natural disasters, such as storms and tsunamis, also cause damage on the population of the coral reefs and destroy them as well.

Tourism impacts the reefs negatively because tourists take pieces of coral, damaging and breaking coral branches for souvenirs ignoring the fact that a single branch of coral reef can take hundreds of years to grow to it’s proportions. Also, careless boat operators drop anchors directly on the reefs and navigate directly over the reefs, damaging them with the propeller blades of their boats, and even scraping them in very shallow waters.
By fishing with cyanide, fishermen stun and confuse fish and then scoop them out of the ocean. By doing this, the fish are still alive and are then sold for aquariums, or for live fish restaurants. However, this kills the delicate organisms that live within the coral reefs, and also kills the coral polyps themselves.

Fishermen also create bombs with substances that will kill the fish in the surrounding area of the explosion; however, this also explodes the coral reefs into bits and pieces, and kills the inhabitant organisms as well.

Because of all the damages that coral reefs are suffering, scientists predict that there might be a severe threat to them by the year 2050. Reefs are very fragile and susceptible to damage. A single branch or a coral reef can take hundreds of years before it grown fully into a large portion of the reef. Because of this, we can say that reefs are not very resilient. Although some reefs adapt quicker to changes than others, they are still affected and impacted in a large manner, and they are quickly declining worldwide. In order to preserve the existing coral reefs from future damage, people must intervene in a large collected effort, because overall, mankind is the biggest causer of the damage to coral reefs. The reasons why men must intervene in order to propitiate the recovery of coral reefs are the following:

• Fishing practices must be changed in order to stop killing the coral polyps and in order to stop exploding the reefs
• Sewage systems must be improved in order to avoid excessive algae growth
• Carbon Dioxide emission must be reduced in order to delay and reduce the acidification of the oceans, which causes for a more sensible, fragile skeleton on the polyps and also causes the coral reefs to be more vulnerable to damages
• Tourism and fishing must be allowed in designated areas of coral reefs in order to allow for other areas to flourish and grow.
• There must be designated protected areas of coral reefs where they are able to grow with no threats and where reefs can recover from damages already caused.
  

References

http://www.reefrelief.org/coralreef/threats.shtml

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/climate/2006-10-25-coral-reefs_x.htm

http://www.essortment.com/all/coralreefinda_mzx.htm

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=9

http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/acidifying-oceans-pose-danger-to-coral-reefs/

http://www.riverdeep.net/current/2001/11/111201_reefs.jhtml

http://www.usforacle.com/2.5741/coral-reefs-in-danger-1.625527

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9815322/