PSP111- Unit 2 Individual Assignment Jessica A. Aybar
I. History of Psychology Early Greek philosophers and their relation to psychology Plato Pythagoras Aristotle Medieval Islamic Psychology Ibn al-Haytham Avicenna Al-Ghazali Early Western Psychology Rudolf Göckel Rene Descartes Modern Psychology Perspectives Humanistic Cross-Cultural Positive Psychodynamic Evolutionary II. Major Fields of Psychology Abnormal Psychology Clinical Comparative Developmental Educational Industrial Social Behavioral Cognitive Biopsychology Positive Psychology
III. Important Characters thru the history of Psychology Erick Erikson Ivan Pavlov Jean Piaget B.F. Skinner Abraham Maslow William James Sigmund Freud Car l Jung
IV. Careers in Psychology & Salaries Clinicians Educator Business Sports Administration Research
V. Conclusions VI. References http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_psychological_thought http://www.a2zpsychology.com/ARTICLES/major_fields_of_psychology.htm http://research.apa.org/salaries07.html#dhs-clinical http://research.apa.org/PipelineGraphic.pdf
During this stage, children start developing the following qualities:
·Pride in their accomplishments
·Initiative in projects, and drive to completion of these
·Basic ideas and concepts of technological artifacts
·Reconnaissance of their own abilities and skills
·Realize the importance of social interactions
Conforming the age of 6 thru early puberty (11-12), this stage is mostly influenced by the parents, teachers and figures to who the children look up to. This is mainly because these are the people who encourage children to start and finish their assigned tasks and this is when children start school beyond daycare, needing to put more conscious effort into what needs to be done and how. By completing the tasks they start, and postponing play and fun, they get a sense of productivity and this in turn motivates them and increases their feeling of self-worth.
If children are encouraged to enforce their initiative and put it to good use, they begin to feel confident and assured in their abilities and skills. If on the contrary, these initiatives are discouraged, the child feels inferior and does not foster initiative and can become a conformist. This lets them settle for less and they become more isolated and feel more incompetent, feeling incapable of success. (Winters, 2005)
I believe that the character that fits this description is SpongeBob Square pants.
He is a sea sponge made to resemble a kitchen sponge. He is a happy, naïve, innocent and friendly character.
He lives in a pineapple on 124 Conch Street in the Bikini Bottom with his pet snail Gary; and he is a fry cook at Krusty Krab restaurant, and he loves his job. He has won the employee of the month over 3,000 times, which he says is “a kajillion and six” times. He also attends Mrs. Puff's Boating School but has failed the boating test approximately 58 times.
His best friend is Patrick Star, with whom he enjoys activities such as catching jelly-fish, and usually gets into mischief, and usually involves innocently annoying his neighbor and co-worker Squidward. (Nick.com)
SpongeBob is extremely sweet and takes pride in his work. He has never been late to work, and enjoys practicing karate with his friend Sandy. He also likes to blow bubbles, surf, sun bathe, play the ukulele, watch his favorite TV show, The New Adventures of Mermaidman and Barnacleboy.
SpongeBob has not been able to pass the boating license test because he tends to get nervous once he is inside a boat. Nevertheless, he continues to pursue getting his boating license and continues to take class with his instructor Mrs. Puff.
He fits into the description because he takes extreme pride in his accomplishment and his job, he enjoys his social interactions with his few friends, strives to complete achieve his goals, in this case, getting a boating license. He is known by almost everybody in Bikini Bottom and this makes him feel acknowledged and even encouraged to continue with his job as a fry-cook.
Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion (or "Diffusion")
This stage takes place in the transition from childhood into young adulthood, approximately ages 11 to 18.
In this stage, while becoming more independent and self- reliant, children and teenagers tend to look at the future they desire career-wise, relationship-wise and they set their expectations of their selves. Not knowing what they want to do or where they want to be affects them deeply and leaves them with a sense of confusion as to their identity and their goals. (Winters, 2005)
Aside from their inner quest t find themselves, they are now also concerned with how they appear to others and how they come across as individuals in social interactions.
In their quest to find and identify their selves, friends and the experiences shared with them play a big role, as these serve as references and build on their personality and their identity.
I believe that a good example of this stage is Corey Mathews, main character in the teen sit-com Boy Meets World, which aired from 1993 thru 2000 for seven seasons.
Corey Mathews, played by actor Ben Savage, was a young boy, an 8th grade student who is trying to deal with everyday life. His best friend is Shawn Hunter and they both dread their principal, Mr. Feeny. Overshadowed by his older brother Eric, who is a popular 10th grade student, Corey is on the contrary, quite neurotic and slightly paranoid. Although Shawn at first was just as un-cool as Corey, becomes quite popular once they begin high school, yet still remains as Corey’s best friend. Corey later has a girlfriend, Topanga, whom he has known “since they were two”. (IMDb)
In the series, Corey Mathews evolves from boy to young man, going thru situations such as trying to make the basket ball team, being invited to parties, experiencing the first signs of puberty, running for class president, trying to cut school,dealing with bullies, and trying to manage their way into the mysterious andunknown world of girls. Throughout all these incidents and situations, one can appreciate Corey’s growing personality and maturity. He learns to do the right thing over the easy thing, he learns who are his true friends, and slowly finds his own identity and comes to terms with it. (BWM Central)
Corey progresses and graduates from high school and decides to go to Pennbrooke for college. He is joined by Shawn and Topanga, who is now Corey’s girlfriend refused to go to Yale in order to stay close to Corey.
At this point in the series the characters are more mature and have grown into what would be Stage 6.
Jessica A. Aybar Unit 3 Discussion Board Psych 205
“Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness”. These are listed as the inalienable right of men, by the constitution of the United States of America. As we have seen previously, people’s actions are motivated by two things: to eliminate any displeasure or pain; and to obtain pleasure and happiness. Bearing this thought in mind, it makes perfect sense to have a branch in psychology, the study of mind and behavior; devoted to the research and advancement of what motivates, inspires individuals, communities and societies and makes them thrive. Positive Psychology is defined as the field of psychology that focuses on researching and developing ways to enhance the positive ways of thinking and acting in order to enhance people’s lives, health and overall well-being. In the year 2000, the magazine American Psychologist published an article on this field: “The study of positive emotion, positive character, and positive institutions” (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000).
Since then, this branch of psychology has evolved and there has been considerable advance in this field. It is based on three main ideas: Positive Emotions, Positive Characters and Positive Institutions. These are to be applied to the past, present and future, so as to have positive emotions in regards, to one’s past, positive character to build a positive present, and positive institutions to serve as guidelines for our future. It also bases itself on six main virtues which can be found all across different cultures: Wisdom, Courage, Humanity, Justice, Temperance, and Transcendence.
So far, research has come to the conclusion that although there is no magic formula for happiness, with the help of positive psychology, an individual who is willing and applies positive principle to his/her life, experiences higher levels of happiness and decreased depression levels as well.
I believe that the study, research and advance in this field will help us grasp a better understanding of mental illnesses and depression, and can help improve the quality of people’s lives.
As you have learned in your readings this week, neurotransmitters have a vital impact on both our minds and bodies. In your discussion board response, please respond to the following items: 1. Describe neurotransmitters in terms of what they are, their general function within the body, and their impact on behavior. 2. Discuss the connection between neurons and neurotransmitters. 3. Pick two neurotransmitters and discuss their general functions in our bodies. Also discuss each neurotransmitter’s connection with disease or disorders. Does a neurotransmitter problem cause the disease, or does the disease cause a neurotransmitter problem? In other words, what might be the relationship between transmitter function or effectiveness and a particular disease or disorder?
Jessica A. Aybar Psych 205 Unit 2 Discussion Board
Neurotransmitters:
Neurotransmitters are biochemical substances in charge of transporting information to and from one neuron to another through a process called synapse.1 To fully understand neurotransmitters, we must first understand neurons. Neurons are nerve cell thart process and transmit information to other cells in the body; which explains why neurontransmitters not functioning properly has such a big impact on behaviour. Information enters the neuron thru the dentrites, goes thru the neuron's Cell Body and passes along the Axon. It then travels thru the Axon and reaches the Terminal Buttons. Here the information is passed along to other cells, muscles or glands. The information is passed, to and from a cell from the Terminal Buttons of one cell (where information leaves the cell) to the Dendrites of another cell (where information enters the cell); however, these do not touch. The process in which they exit and enter from one cell to another is called Synapse, and here is where neurotransmitters come into play, as they are the ones in charge of carrying the information from one cell to the other. Neurotransmitters are stored in the synaptic knobs and they are released once the information that entered the cell reaches the Axon. Here it is carried across the space between the Terminal Buttons, and the Dendrites, who receive the information and continue the chain.2
There are many kinds of neurotransmitters, but there are some key ones when it comes to behaviors and illnesses. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory and sleep. It is belivie
Compare and contrast three of the following different perspectives (specific theories) of early psychology described in your text or on the internet. These theories include: Structuralism, Functionalism, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism, Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Physiological, Evolutionary, Cognitive, Cultural and Diversity, and Environmental, Population, and Conservation.
Use chapter 1 of your text, the AIU Library, and the Internet for research.
As with all assignments in which you are referring to someone else's writing, cite any sources used and format them according to the requirements of the APA style guide. This formatting includes, but is not limited to, the following guidelines:
Margins - set to one inch
Font - 12 pt. Times New Roman, no bold, or underline
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Line Spacing - double space all work including the References Page.
Point-of-View - third person, objective; limit perspective to research; no personal opinion or narrative In-text citations - must conform to APA requirements
References list - must conform to APA requirements
(For information on the APA style, review the AIU Library Citation Center and either search the Find Article and Books databases, or click Find Web Resources, click General Studies, and then click the plus sign next to Psychology).
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Please submit your assignment.
Instructor Comments: Here are a couple of web sites with information on the history of psychology, Gang. Hope you find them of benefit! ;-)
Jessica Aybar Psychology 206 Unit 1 Discussion Board Assignment
Reinforcement is defined as a way of stimulating an individual as to increase the probability of inciting a particular response or behavior. (Heffner, 2004) There are different ways to elicit a particular behavior such as positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, and also there are ways to decrease the probability of a certain response or behavior, such as positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive reinforcement is when, in order to entice and stimulate a particular behavior, we reward it or add a positive gain from practicing this behavior. Negative reinforcement is when, in order to promote and increase the likelihood of particular response or behavior, we eliminate a negative burden from the individual. An example of this could be of a child who is forced to clean up the dirt he sets in when he comes inside the house with muddy shoes. By doing this, the child will understand that once he stops tracking mud inside the house, he will no longer have to clean up after. Punishment can be defined as a stimulus to eliminate a negative behavior. Positive punishment can be explained as the addition of a negative consequence in order to decrease the probability of arousing the negative behavior. An example of this can be adding extra chores to a child who has been neglecting his regular duties. Negative punishment can be explained as the removal of a positive stimulus as a consequence of a negative behavior. An example of this can be a child who loses his privileges to play videogames for a week because he has not completed his homework. Many times we reinforce negative behavior without knowing it. Some example of this can be: • Allowing a child to keep going outside to play, even though the child continually stays out past the designated curfew. By doing this, we create the impression that it is ok for the child to continue to arrive later than the designated time, and the child will persist on this behavior. • John arrives to work late every day. Since his boss overlooks this consistently, he is most likely to continue arriving late, because he can get away with it. One of the consequences to this is that by overlooking the fact that John arrives late to work, his boss is giving him special treatment, and this could affect John’s performance at work, allowing him to slack off. Also, his co-workers will see that it is acceptable to arrive late, and might also engage in this bad habit. Some ways we can avoid reinforcing a negative behavior can be Using a negative reinforcer: • Anna does not like cleaning her room. In order to avoid reinforcing this behavior, instead of allowing her to continually leave a messy room, she is constantly informed by her mother that she needs to clean her room. Once she does clean her room, the negative reinforcer is removed, thus making it more likely for Anna to leave her room organized on a regular basis. Using a positive punishment: • Jake does poorly in class, and when he informs his parents they give him negative feedback and inform him they are disappointed. By receiving critique from his parents, he is more inclined to work harder to maintain their expectations.
Scientific study has proven that the most effective way to increase a behavior is to use positive reinforcement, because this allows both parties to concentrate on the positive aspects. (Heffner, 2004) Both children and adults avoid negative stimulation, and gravitate towards positive things, which attract our attention because we find them gratifying. Keeping this in consideration, if we are rewarded for positive behavior, we are more inclined to continue to behave this way and repeat these reactions.
Works Cited Heffner, D. C. (2004, May 26). http://allpsych.com/. Retrieved October 5th, 2008, from All Psych Online: http://allpsych.com/psychology101/reinforcement.html
Define and discuss positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. Give examples of two of these. Occasionally, people unknowingly reinforce undesirable behaviors. Give an example of this, discussing the consequences that resulted. Finally. discuss how one can avoid rewarding the wrong behaviors.
a lil crazy, growing out of my shoes before I can fit another pair quite right... moving along through life trying not to trip too much and looking for beauty in the unexpected little things we outgrow and forget.
